Upper Paleolithic?qsrc=3044

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic, and also in some contexts Late Stone Age) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. Very broadly it dates to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago, roughly coinciding with the appearance of behavioral modernity and before the advent of agriculture. The terms "Late Stone Age" and "Upper Paleolithic" refer to the same periods. For historical reasons, "Stone Age" usually refers to the period in Africa, whereas "Upper Paleolithic" is generally used when referring to the period in Europe.

Overview

Modern humans (i.e. Homo sapiens) are believed to have emerged about 195,000 years ago in Africa. Though these humans were modern in anatomy, their lifestyle changed very little from their contemporaries, such as Homo erectus and the Neanderthals. They used the same crude stone tools. Archaeologist Richard G. Klein, who has worked extensively on ancient stone tools, describes the stone tool kit of archaic hominids as impossible to categorize. It was as if when the Neanderthals made stone tools, they were not much concerned about their final forms. He argues that almost everywhere, whether Asia or Africa or Europe, before 50,000 years ago all the stone tools are much alike and unsophisticated.

After 50,000 years ago, however, there was a marked increase in the diversity of artifacts. For the first time in Africa, bone artifacts and the first art appear in the archeological record. The first evidence of human fishing is also noted, from artifacts in places such as Blombos cave in South Africa. Firstly among the artifacts of Africa, archeologists found they could differentiate and classify those of less than 50,000 years into many different categories, such as projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools. These new stone-tool types have been described as being distinctly differentiated from each other, as if each tool had a specific purpose. 3,000 to 4,000 years later, this tool technology spread with people migrating to Europe. The new technology generated a population explosion of modern humans and led to the extinction of the Neanderthals. The invaders, commonly referred to as the Cro-Magnons, left many sophisticated stone tools, cave art and Venus figurines.^[1][2][3]

Upper Paleolithic people used caves and tents like this one (reconstruction) for dwelling. This form might be ancestral to the Native American tipi.

This shift from Middle to Upper Paleolithic is called the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. The Neanderthals continued to use Mousterian stone tool technology. This period has the earliest remains of organized settlements in the form of campsites, some with storage pits. These were often located in narrow valley bottoms, possibly to make hunting easier of passing herds of animals. Some sites may have been occupied year round, though more generally, they seem to have been used seasonally; peoples moved between them to exploit different food sources at different times of the year. Hunting was important, and caribou/wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting."^[4]

Technological advances included significant developments in flint tool manufacturing, with industries based on fine blades rather than simpler and shorter flakes. Burins and racloirs were used to work bone, antler and hides. Advanced darts and harpoons also appear in this period, along with the fish hook, the oil lamp, rope, and the eyed needle.

Artistic work blossomed, with Venus figurines, cave painting, petroglyphs and exotic raw materials found far from their sources, which suggests emergent trading links. More complex social groupings emerged, supported by more varied and reliable food sources and specialized tool types. This probably contributed to increasing group identification or ethnicity. These group identities produced distinctive symbols and rituals which are an important part of modern human behavior.

The changes in human behavior have been attributed to the changes in climate during the period, which encompasses a number of global temperature drops. This meant a worsening of the already bitter climate of the last ice age. Such changes may have reduced the supply of usable timber and forced people to look at other materials. In addition, flint becomes brittle at low temperatures and may not have functioned as a tool.

Some scholars have argued that the appearance of complex or abstract language made these behavior changes possible. The complexity of the new human capabilities hints that humans were less capable of planning or foresight before 40,000 years, while the emergence of cooperative and coherent communication marked a new era of cultural development.^[5] This theory is not widely accepted, since human phylogenetic separation dates to the Middle Palaeolithic (see Pre-language). While the latter view is better supported by phylogenetic inference, the material "evidence" is ambiguous.

Events

Map of findings of Upper Paleolithic art in Europe.

The Venus of Brassempouy is preserved in the Musée d'Archéologie Nationale at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris.

50,000—40,000 BC

• c. 50,000 BC: start of the Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa
• 43,000—41,000 At Ksar Akil in Lebanon, ornaments and skeletal remains of modern humans are dated to this period.

40,000—30,000 BC

• 40,000—35,000 BC: Cro Magnon appear in Europe, early cultural center in the Swabian Alb, earliest figurative art (Venus of Schelklingen), beginning Aurignacian
• 35,000 BC: Zar, Yataghyeri, Damjili and Taghlar caves in Azerbaijan.
• c. 32,000 BC: Europeans understand how to harden clay figures by firing them in an oven at high temperatures.
• 30,000 BC: Invention of the bow and arrow.^[6]
• c. 30,000 BC: end of the Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa
• c. 30,000 BC—26,000 BC: Lion-Human, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany created. It is now in Ulmer Museum, Ulm, Germany.

30,000—20,000 BC

• 29,000—25,000 BC: Venus of Dolní Věstonice. It is the oldest known ceramic in the world. The Red Lady of Paviland lived around 29-26,000 years ago. Recent evidence has come to light that he was a tribal chief.^{[citation needed]}
• c. 28,000 BC: People start to live in Japan.
• 25,000 BC—17,000 BC: Wall painting with horses, rhinoceroses and aurochs, Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardéche gorge, France, is made. Discovered in December 1994.
• c. 24,000 BC: start of the second Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa.
• c. 23,000 BC: Venus of Petřkovice (Petřkovická venuše in Czech) from Petřkovice in Ostrava, Czech Republic, was made. It is now in Archeological Institute, Brno.
• c. 22,000 BC: Neanderthals believed to have become extinct in Europe.
• c. 22,000 BC: Last Glacial Maximum: Venus of Brassempouy, Grotte du Pape, Brassempouy, Landes, France, was made. It is now at Musee des Antiquites Nationales, St.-Germain-en-Laye.
• c. 22,000 BC—21,000 BC: Venus of Willendorf, Austria, was made. It is now at Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.
• c. 20,000 BC: end of the second Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa.

20,000—15,000 BC

Lascaux, it is in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Paleo-İndian life in Museum of Florida History.

• c. 18,000 BC—15,000 BC: Last Glacial Maximum. Mean Sea Levels are believed to be 110 to 120 meters (361 to 394 ft) lower than present,^[7] with the direct implication that many coastal and lower riverine valley archaeological sites of interest are today under water.
• c. 18,000 BC: Spotted Horses, Pech Merle cave, Dordogne, France are painted. Discovered in December 1994.
• c. 18,000 BC—11,000 BC: Ibex-headed spear thrower, from Le Mas d'Azil, Ariege, France, is made. It is now at Musee de la Prehistoire, Le Mas d'Azil.
• c. 18,000 BC—12,000 BC: Mammoth-bone village in Mezhirich, Ukraine is inhabited.
• c. 17,000 BC: Spotted human hands, Pech Merle cave, Dordogne, France are painted. Discovered in December 1994.
• c. 17,000 BC—15,000 BC: Hall of Bulls, Lascaux caves, is painted. Discovered in 1940. Closed to the public in 1963.
• c. 17,000 BC—15,000 BC: Bird-Headed man with bison and Rhinoceros, Lascaux caves, is painted.
• c. 17,000 BC—15,000 BC: Lamp with ibex design, from La Mouthe cave, Dordogne, France, is made. It is now at Musee des Antiquites Nationales, St.-Germain-en-Laye.
• c. 16,500 BC: Paintings in Cosquer cave, where the cave mouth is now under water at Cap Margiou, France were made.
• c. 15,000 BC: Bison, Le Tuc d'Audoubert, Ariege, France.

16,000—12,000 BC

• c. 15,000 BC-13,000 BC: Paleo-Indians move across North America, then southward through Central America.
• c. 15,000 BC-12,000 BC: Pregnant woman and deer (?), from Laugerie-Basse, France was made. It is now at Musee des Antiquites Nationales, St.-Germain-en-Laye.
• c. 14,000 BC: Paleo-Indians searched for big game near what is now the Hovenweep National Monument.
• c. 14,000 BC: Bison, on the ceiling of a cave at Altamira, Spain, is painted. Discovered in 1879. Accepted as authentic in 1902.
• c. 14,000 BC: Domestication of Reindeer.^[8]
• 13,000 BC: Beginning of the Holocene extinction event.
• 13,000 BC: earliest evidence of warfare

12,000—11,000 BC

• 11,500 BC—10,000 BC: Wooden buildings in South America (Chile), first pottery vessels (Japan).
• 11,000 BC: First evidence of human settlement in Argentina.
• 11,000 BC: The Arlington Springs Man dies on the island of Santa Rosa, off the coast of California.
• 11,000 BC: Human remains deposited in caves which are now located off the coast of Yucatán.^[9]

Cultures

Reindeer Age articles

The Upper Paleolithic in the Franco-Cantabrian region:

• The Châtelperronian culture was located around central and south western France, and northern Spain. It appears to be derived from the earlier Mousterian culture, and represents the period of overlap between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. This culture lasted from approximately 33,000 BC to 27,000 BC.
• The Aurignacian culture was located in Europe and south west Asia, and flourished between 32000 BC and 21,000 BC. It may have been contemporary with the Périgordian (a contested grouping of the earlier Châtelperronian and later Gravettian cultures).
• The Gravettian culture was located around France, though evidence of Gravettian products have been found across central Europe and Russia. Gravettian sites date between 26,000 BC to 20,000 BC.
• The Solutrean culture was located in eastern France, Spain, and England. Solutrean artifacts have been dated to around 19000 BC before mysteriously disappearing around 15,000 BC.
• The Magdalenian culture left evidence from Portugal to Poland during the period from 16,000 BC to 8000 BC.

From the Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures:

• central and east Europe:
  • 30,000 BC, Szeletian culture
  • 20,000 BC, Pavlovian, Aurignacian cultures
  • 11,000 BC, Ahrensburg culture
  • 10,000 BC, Epigravettian culture
  • 9000 BC, Gravettian culture
• north and west Africa, and Sahara:
  • 30,000 BC, Aterian culture
  • 10,000 BC, Ibero-Maurusian (a.k.a. Oranian, Ouchtatian), and Sebilian cultures
  • 8000 BC, Capsian culture
• central, south, and east Africa:
  • 50,000 BC, Fauresmithian culture
  • 30,000 BC, Stillbayan culture
  • 10,000 BC, Lupembian culture
  • 9000 BC, Magosian culture
  • 7000 BC, Wiltonian culture
  • 3000 BC, beginning of hunter-gatherer art in southern Africa
• West Asia (including Middle East):
  • 50,000 BC, Jabroudian culture
  • 40,000 BC, Amoudian culture
  • 30,000 BC, Emirian culture
  • 20,000 BC, Aurignacian culture
  • 10,000 BC, Kebarian, Athlitian cultures
• south, central and northern Asia:
  • 30,000 BC, Angara culture
  • 9000 BC, Khandivili culture
• east and southeast Asia:
  • 80,000 BC, Ordos culture
  • 50,000 BC, Ngandong culture
  • 30,000 BC, Sen-Doki culture
  • c. 14,000 BC — Jōmon period starts in Ancient Japan.
  • 10,000 BC, pre-Jōmon ceramic culture
  • 8000 BC, Hoabinhian culture
  • 7000 BC, Jōmon culture

See also

• Late Glacial Maximum
• Neolithic
• Neolithic Europe
• Behavioral modernity
• Cro-Magnon 1
• 1 E11 s
• Sungir

References

External links

• The Upper Paleolithic Revolution
• Picture Gallery of the Paleolithic (reconstructional palaeoethnology), Libor Balák at the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archaeology in Brno, The Center for Paleolithic and Paleoethnological Research